![]() In the early 1960s, the limitations of biological bone substitute materials resulted in the emergence of a multidisciplinary field called “Biomaterials”. 6 For example, in the ancient times, the Etruscans learnt to replace damaged teeth with artificial graft obtained from the bones of oxen. Archaeological findings showed that materials such as human or animal bones and teeth, corals, shells, wood, and several metals (gold, silver and amalgam) were used for the replacement of missing human bones and teeth. The biomaterials (biomedical materials), which are basic components of scaffolds, play an important role in bone tissue engineering. Artificial bone scaffolds with biomaterials and additives, such as drugs, growth factors (GFs) and stem cells, have been useful for bone repair. An ideal scaffold should be biodegradable, biocompatible, bioactive, osteoconductive and osteoinductive. Their purpose is to mimic the structure and function of the natural bone extracellular matrix (ECM), which can provide a three-dimensional (3D) environment to promote the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation and to have adequate physical properties for bone repair. Scaffolds play a crucial role in bone tissue engineering. In recent years, with the rapid development of tissue engineering technology, bone tissue engineering has become a hopeful approach for repairing bone defects. ![]() 5 It is the utilization of a combination of multidisciplinary approaches to improve or replace biological tissues. The term “tissue engineering” was first used in 1987. These weaknesses limit its widespread use in clinical settings. However, the drawbacks of autologous bone grafting include secondary damages, high donor site morbidity, limitation of special shape, insufficiency of autogenous bone and so on. 3,4 Autologous bone grafting is still regarded as the “gold standard” for repairing bone defects. Large bone defects or injuries, caused by old age, traffic accident, fracture nonunion, bone tumor resection, etc., are serious problems in orthopaedics, and they bring great harms to health and the quality of life. 1,2 Although bones have a certain healing and/or regeneration capacity, it cannot be accomplished by itself for large segmental bone defects. Introduction Bone and its associated diseases, accounting for half of chronic diseases in people over 50 years old, still remain an important clinical challenge. The effects of additives such as signaling molecules, stem cells, and functional materials on the performance of the scaffolds are also discussed. Particularly, it focuses on the current knowledge about biomaterials used in the fabrication of bone tissue engineering scaffolds, which includes the history, types, properties and applications of biomaterials. ![]() Then, it describes the structure, mechanical properties and materials of natural bone and the strategies of bone tissue engineering. ![]() This paper first introduces a strategy for literature search. ![]() Biomaterials that are used as the basic material for the fabrication of scaffolds play a vital role in bone tissue engineering. Bone tissue engineering has been continuously developing since the concept of “tissue engineering” has been proposed. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |